Systematic studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of the content and particle size of ELT rubber powder on the vulcanization process, mechanical properties, aging and degradation behaviour of rubber compounds where it is used. Rubber powder was used for the preparation of sintered rubber compounds, in addition to the incorporation and formulation of ELT rubber powder as a new ingredient in virgin elastomeric matrices. The results presented in this guide are based on the state of the art and the experience acquired at laboratory and industrial level in the use of rubber from ELT. This work details the content and scope of a guide for the application of recycled rubber from end-of-life tires (ELT). This shows the potential of devulcanized rubber when the various tire components are separated before whole car tire material is granulated as the beginning of the recycling. To check the benefits of using pure tire tread material for the devulcanization and subsequent revulcanization, of both a carbon black and a silica-based virgin tread compound, it is shown that a tensile strength of the revulcanizate of 13 MPa can be reached. With these results it is shown that the silica in the granulate can be used to improve the revulcanization properties. After addition of a silanization step during revulcanization by adding 3.2 phr bis Tetrasulfide (TESPT), a silane, to the formulation, the tensile strength of the revulcanizate was further improved to 8 MPa. This could be improved to 6.5 MPa by using 2.8 phr of 1,3-DiPhenylGuanidine (DPG) in the revulcanization formulation. The best tensile strength of the revulcanizate, using a carbon-black-based revulcanization formulation, was 5 MPa. In a step-wise approach it is shown that the presence of silica influences both devulcanization and revulcanization. In the present paper, the influence of silica, which is present in the passenger car tires granulate, on both devulcanization and subsequent revulcanization, is investigated. For recycling and re-use of end-of-life car tire rubber one of the most promising recycling methods is devulcanization: re-plasticizing the vulcanized rubber by selectively breaking the sulfur bridges between the polymer molecules. The most prominent improvement in the recent past was the use of a silica-silane filler system in passenger car tread compounds, instead of traditionally used carbon black. As a consequence, tires are improved continuously. Tires are an important vehicle component, as car handling, safety and fuel economy depend for a major part on the tire composition and construction.
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